Patient Education Plan for an Epilepsy Case of a Hispanic Family Unit Essay

Patient education is best when viewed as a personal way of conducting interpersonal communication between two people: the teacher and the learner. The learning process follows a method that should be apt per case and per person, centering more on the side of the learner and the attached circumstances, context, and environment. For clinical teaching that is bound by dynamic interrelationships and interactions, successful teaching and learning requires understanding three things: the learner, the learner, and the learner. It is best to come up with a patient education plan that would suit the specific case for a successful processing of the teaching and learning methods. Main Body The case In a given case wherein a Hispanic family, having low social economic and education status, and one that speaks only the Spanish language, acquires an epilepsy case on one of the parents’ male child (about 10 years old), extensive teaching is primarily needed to educate the parents and the patient on how to take care of an epileptic person. With the obvious lack of knowledge on the child’s disease, it is very obvious that they need to learn what the illness is all about, how it affects the child, how it would affect the family, and what they can do to lighten the effects of the said illness. The strategy should be dependent on the given case†¦ taking note of the basic challenges, such as the family’s lack of knowledge on the disease, their rigidity in terms of language, culture, and education, as well as the state of the child being male of Hispanic culture. The basic goal should be for the parents (and the patient) to understand essentially what the illness is all about, or what they should do during the attacks. The strategy The patient education plan is composed of five basic steps that should be processed effectively: first is the assessment stage; second is the planning stage; third is the implementation stage; fourth is the checking stage; fifth and final is the evaluation stage. For the assessment stage, we calculate the communication level of the learners. Significant issues have something to do with the ability to read and write, to understand and to be mindful of the said event. It would also be good to measure the level of willingness or the readiness to learn, the overall acceptance, and the basic attitude that they have. These are detrimental in designing the strategy that should match the specific context and case. Most probably the case would reveal a not-very-willing attitude, lack of motivation and acceptance, and an approach that centers on privacy and confidentiality. They would most probably choose to tackle the issue in a more private and personal way, with a need to leave their faith and ego intact by revealing that their case is not very life-threatening or very severe. For the planning stage, we design the things that they would need to know, as based on the assessment of needs that was conducted on the learners. It is definite that the general information on epilepsy should be included in patient education. Yet, before focusing on the basic facts about the illness, there first has to be some lectures centered on the following issues: first, the need for willingness by explaining how the child badly needs their support; second, the readiness to learn by revealing the things that they can do in order to help the child; third, the overall acceptance by explaining the general facts about epilepsy; finally, a motivated outlook by revealing to them that people are willing to help them and their child in battling over the disease. Reflecting over the case, it would be harder to give lectures on Hispanic people without learning how to communicate with them effectively. It would be best to find a nurse or medical employee, who is Spanish-speaking, who has a heart to help people, and who speaks effectively so as to motivate the learners more easily. For the implementation stage, the information can be sent by means of lecture, handouts, discussion, or demonstration. However, because the issue includes methods of treating the child during convulsion attacks (e. g. , putting spoon in the mouth, holding or speaking calmly to the child), it would be best to use methods that are conducted in face-to-face education and training. It would be best to instigate the use of lectures, discussions, and demonstrations. It is important, however, to choose a speaker who would be able to convey the basic ideas effectively. It is not important whether the lecture finishes in a day, a week or a month. What is more important is that the learners are able to grasp their mission concerning the child, and that there is nothing new or unusual about their having a sick child. It would also be best to include only the parents during the lecture period because the general biological pattern of the illness might frighten the child. The child can be included, however, during the discussion period, when the subject is being tackled more lightly; and during the demonstration period, when the focus shifts to practical methods used in handling the child. The checking stage can be conducted weekly during meetings with the physician. It is important that the parents and the child develop a personal bond with both the physician and the nurse for best treatment of the case. As for the evaluation stage, this is done only temporarily after the processing of patient education. In truth, however, patient education should go on until the time that the patient is already cured of his or her illness. Conclusion To deal with patients is to deal in a personal way. Given the specific case, this would probably mean having to find ways that would financially help the family in dealing with the challenges. The lack of knowledge and education mean longer and more meticulous methods in implementing the strategy. Being of Hispanic culture, male children are being regarded as the very hope, future, and foundation of the family. In using targeted individualized patient information, we come up with a strategy that is more effective, suitable, and appropriate.

Prioritizing Projects at Dd Williamson

Introduction Case Analysis D. D. Williamson created a list of 78 projects which needed to be prioritized, organized, and selected. The company used a four step method to rate each project: 1) Establish criteria for prioritizing projects. 2) Weigh each criterion. 3) Refine the list of projects. 4) Rate each project on each criterion and total ratings. To give team members control over the ranking of projects, each member was asked to write three different criteria on three Post-it Notes. These Post-it Notes were divided into similar item groups and each group was named. This process established the important criteria for selection. The criteria were used to determine how well each project would fit into the strategy of the company (Kloppenborg, 2009, p. 35). To weigh each criteria group, the team members assigned each group a score. More important groups were given a score of 10, less important groups a score of 6 to 9, the least important groups a score of 5 or less. Criteria that were scored at 6 or higher were used to assess each project and criteria of 5 or lower were reserved for further ranking later in the process. Criteria are weighted in order to help place the projects in order of importance as they are aligned with the goals of the company (Kloppenborg, 2009, p. 36). After the criteria were established and weighted, the list of projects was refined. Projects that were listed out as individual projects but were really one project happening concurrently in different locations were discovered and the list was changed to reflect this, reducing the number of projects on the list. There were also projects added to the list that had not been formally identified as projects earlier. The criteria helped to determine which projects could initially be considered projects and which projects could be removed from the list. The projects on the list were reviewed to discover which were considered most important and rank the rest. The projects considered most important were immediately placed on the top of the importance list, and the rest went through the scoring process to be ranked in order from most to least important. The projects were than rated according to the criteria that had been established earlier. Each project was rated to see how well it fit into each individual criterion, one at a time. All team members participated in the scoring, and agreement needed to be reached on how to score each project before scores were recorded. If project scoring required a lengthy decision, that was set aside for a different time so that team members could get through this process fairly quickly (Kloppenborg, 2009, p. 36-37). This entire process was recorded into a spreadsheet. How the projects were ranked, how each project was scored on each criterion and the calculation of the weighted scores were all recorded on the spreadsheet. The team had prioritized 62 projects total throughout this process. Since the projects had already been ranked in order of importance, it would be easy for the team to hold a future meeting to assign resources and timelines to the projects at the top of the list (Kloppenborg, 2009. P. 44-45). The prioritization of the projects was a very important task for D. D. Williamson’s global operating team to complete. Although the task seems time consuming, it will save the team time in the long run because projects are rated in importance long before they are scheduled to begin. The weighting process allowed the team to discover where each project would fit into the SWOT analysis, and how each project would further the strategic objectives or otherwise benefit the company. The company uses a database to identify their potential projects. The database is used to keep track of daily work and project work. This tracking helps to highlight things that need to be improved during daily processes. The very large list of 62 potential projects gives the company a wide range of choices in selecting which projects to complete. This helps to ensure that the most important issues that need to be worked on will be addressed in the timeliest fashion (Kloppenborg, 2009, p. 32-33). D. D. Williamson chooses to use a scoring model in project selection. This seems to be the most efficient way for the company to prioritize and select projects. Major problems arising with this process would be the potential for lengthy discussions revolving around project selection and prioritization. The rating process helps to eliminate much of the discussion, but there may be some sticking points where additional criteria will have to be used to decide on issues. Recommended Actions In addition to the continuing use of the database and prioritization and selection process, it is recommended that D. D. Williamson use the lower weighted criteria to help make decisions when a stalemate has been reached when discussing potential projects. The additional criteria can help team members to quickly address concerns about potential projects. If the potential projects are ranked well in the highly weighted criteria, the lower weighted criteria can be used to further break down the project and determine if it is a good fit. The last recommendation is creating mandatory criteria. In addition to moving the most highly scored projects to the top of the list, mandatory criteria can ensure that necessary projects are not overlooked. These mandatory criteria can include issues like government regulation, safety issues, and security issues (Kloppenborg, 2009, p. 36). The mandatory criteria will fast-track projects that must be completed. Conclusion D. D. Williamson has a great project selection process in place. While many other companies use personal preference or whims to make project decisions, D. D. Williamson carefully considers which projects fit best into the company’s strategies and which will best help further the interests of the company. With a few minor additions to the process, D. D. Williamson can continue to make great project selections and maintain a competitive advantage in their market. References Kloppenborg, T. J. (2009). Contemporary project management (pp. 27-45). Mason: South- Western Cengage Learning.

Billy Elliot the Musical and Father

Some obstacles the characters face are self-belief, a father’s expectations and being an individual. This essay will discuss these challenges and how a person overcomes them to journey into the world with the use of quotes, film and language techniques. Self-belief is a factor that makes a person stronger. Without it they may not reach their goals. In the scene of Billy Elliot where Billy dances in front of his father, the audience sees that this is the first time that Billy genuinely believes in himself. The non-diegetic music is loud and energetic. This represents the fact that Billy has built enough self-confidence to stand up for himself. A close-up is used on Billy’s face when he starts to dance. This technique is used to emphasise the expression of confidence and self-belief on his face. It shows his emotion and how he isn’t afraid to do what he wants. There is also a close up on the father’s face that seems to be stunned while watching Billy. After Billy finishes dancing, his father runs to Mrs Wilkinson’s house because that is when he realised that his son really has talent. In the quote â€Å"If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,† from the poem ‘If’ the father is telling his son to have faith in himself when others don’t. In the movie, if Billy had not stood up for himself, his father wouldn’t have thought to let him go to the ballet school. The self-belief Billy had led him to success in the future. Expectations can put a lot of pressure on a child. In society, boys were expected to play manly sports like boxing, and girls to learn ballet. In the scene where Billy falls to an opponent at boxing his coach yells â€Å"Jesus Christ, Billy Elliot! You’re a disgrace to them gloves, your father, and the traditions of this boxing hall! † A high angle shot over Billy when he is on the ground is used to show he is weak and powerless in this situation. This technique develops the feeling that elder men in society had more control. There is also a mid-shot of Billy’s father sitting in the grand-stands looking exasperated after Billy falls. It shows the audience the father does not feel Billy is living up to his expectations. From the poem, the quote â€Å"which is more – you’ll be a Man my son! shows the audience the father ultimately expects his son to be a man. The word ‘man’ is written with a capital letter to emphasise this point. Though Billy held back doing from ballet, he still become a man and everyone soon supported his decision. To be an individual is what a young child seeks to be. It was normal in the community for boys to do manly sports such as boxing, and girls to learn b allet. When Billy’s father finds out that he has been secretly going to ballet lessons he says â€Å"All right for your Nana, for girls. No, not for lads, Billy. Lads do football, or boxing, or wrestling. Not friggin’ ballet. † What Billy really wants to do is not accepted for boys in the society. The quote â€Å"If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,† from the poem, the father is now telling his son not to be influenced by those around him and to keep his honour and morals. By having his own way and not allowing others to influence, the son will be an individual. In the scene where Billy dances with Mrs Wilkinson to the song ‘I Like to Boogie’, Mrs Wilkinson helps Billy be his own person by letting him dance the way he wants and not preventing him from doing anything. The technique of contrasting is used with Billy’s and Mrs Wilkinson’s clothing. In the boxing hall Billy is wearing white and pink which stands out from the walls. Mrs Wilkinson wears a dull, blue colour which makes her blend into the background. This technique shows that Mrs Wilkinson is a hidden support for Billy. She is helping Billy reach his goal because she never had the chance to shine. A tracking shot is used on the both when they dance in the hall. It shows the dynamic movement between them. This technique also displays the freedom Billy has to move in the hall. In conclusion, individuals must overcome each obstacle and challenge in order to grow up and journey into the world. This has been shown through the film ‘Billy Elliot’ by Stephen Daldry and the poem ‘If’ by Rudyard Kipling. With the use of techniques and quotes, this essay has shown how the main characters encountered the challenges of self-belief, a father’s expectations and trying to be an individual.

National Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

National Management - Essay Example The probability is high, that most governmental institutions will have to know how their reasons declined over policies implemented, in industrialized or non-industrialized country, at some time in their leadership operations. In the United States of America, the current economic downturn obliged the Federal Government to somehow appear to decline in its reasons in an attempt to financially sustain vulnerable corporate institutions. For example, many automotive corporate companies sought financial loans as bailout to continue operations. Most companies were ordered by the Federal Government to formulate a restructuring plan in 2008, but, the government expects them to deal with their financial shortfalls (KTBS3). Also, big companies are considered to have irreversibly huge assets and capitalizations, but, recent reports showed that most of it became marketably insoluble. An even worst scenario was the official declarations of bankruptcies. Estimates are that in the next months more and more gigantic companies will declare the need to be bailed out by government before they would declare they are broke and cease operations. These marks show that government reason to help people rather than companies cope w ith the natural law of supply and demand of resources have declined. One easy way to tell that the rationale for government help on people to cope with the natural law of supply and demand of resources is downhill is its corporate financial rescue measures. For example, in 2008, the administration of Mr. George W. Bush bailed out General Motors Corporation to the tune of US$17.4 billion (KTBS3) when Gross Domestic Product from 1998 to 2007 were: 8694.6, 9216.2, 9764.8, 10075.9, 10417.6, 10908, 11630.9, 12364.1, 13116.5, and 13741.6 respectively (OCCD 2009). These consistently accelerating total market value of all final goods and services produced within the borders (Schiller G-3) of the United States of America in the given period obviously benchmarked liquidity and highly sound economy contravening any claims of economic difficulty or recession. Also, this GDP figures grounds the truth that industries within the economy must have achieved economies of scale. "This level exists when the cost of producing a unit of a good falls as its output rate inc reases" (Parkin 207). For example, General Motors enjoy economies of scale, as the company employs highly skilled labor by division and cost-saving technology enhanced equipment, thus, raising production level (Parkin 207). Subsequent to knowledge of this information, most people find that bailout decisions are rather weak responses synonymous to declined national management reasons. The perspective that people gained from the national management responses to claims of bankruptcy and financial bailouts despite high GDP, and economies of scale, strengthened their belief that there exists socialism. Nonetheless, many hypothesized that there is no such thing as National Socialism. It is only that the move or the administrative response was distasteful. Yet, at the other end of the stick, it is an obvious revelation of a weakened national manag

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 24

Case Study - Essay Example The owner has differing opinions on the paint coats to be done on the steps and the house. The double standards allow for the establishment of a clout of dispute in the ideal description of the term. However, the owner and the contractor had an agreement on the observation of a first-class job. Such an agreement allows for the presentation of the considered concerns as an argument of relevance. Apparently, the owner is rather prone gain from the ruling since the contract did not consider defining the elements of a first-class paint work. Regarding the second concern, the ruling will focus on the contract binding the two parties. The steps are not considered to be part of the house. Apparently, both the owner and the contractor seem to concede that indeed the item is not in the contract irrespective of being pointed out during the negotiation phase. Such an observation implies that the ruling over the matter will most probably be perceived to be in favor of the contractor. The owner may be advised to consider establishing another contract in quest of including the considered steps. Regarding the second case, the phrase â€Å"Alternatively, if flooding, jetting and vibration are to be used for placing and compaction, the material shall meet the additional requirements specified in paragraph zone 1 and zone 2 Bedding Material for material to be placed and compacted by flooding, jetting and vibration. The maximum size shall pass a 2-inch U.S. Standard Series sieve† allows an advisory path for the ruling. The final statement in the phrase allows for the compliance with the 2-inch test. It is not hinged on the initial consideration on compacting capacity. He verdict will thus favor the coontracctor. The owner may reflect on the Buchanan v. Martin Marietta Corp., 494 A.2d 677 and Schiavi v. Goodwin, 542 A.2d 367 (Klass, 2012) that points on the possible aspects upon which interference to the contract may be considered. The

Raisin in the Sun Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Raisin in the Sun Article - Essay Example ch apparent universality is a positive feature, showing how insightful Hansberry’s work is, while for others this is a negative feature which involves rejecting African American values and culture in favor of imitating those of the Northern, white, and middle class people. Seaton’s conclusion suggests that the play demonstrates in fact deep appreciation of African American culture and at the same time also some elements of universality. In other words, it is not necessary to choose between these opposing critical views because â€Å"they are not exclusive positions but partial ones† (Seaton, 1992, 47). This article could be very useful as a source for an essay on A Raisin in the Sun because it clarifies some of the main themes that occur in the play such as the struggle of African Americans to achieve their dreams in a society which is inherently racist and the changing values of different generations of African Americans. The article would be particularly useful in providing a structure for setting out how the play has been viewed in the past. Seaton also provides useful evidence to support the view that the play moves beyond stereotypes because it portrays a range of different characters who view the family’s dilemma in very div erse and complex

Executive paper - Critical analysis of reported category one and Coursework

Executive paper - Critical analysis of reported category one and category two incident data - Coursework Example Moreover, certain recommendations will also be made regarding how the loopholes within this service can be identified and improvised accordingly. E. W. Tipping Foundation is primarily a non-profit organisation mostly operational in the area of Victoria, Australia. The foundation aims towards fostering the concepts of social justice and human rights through its community development programmes and services. The foundation started its functions in terms of providing aid to the disabled individuals and till date has steadily prevailed towards broadening its structure in terms of providing support towards family services. By taking into consideration the development trend, this report will mostly focus towards critically analysing the incident data that has been provided in the category 1 and category 2 lists (NSW Government, n.d.). This critical incident analysis paper also aims to understand the present trends within this non-profit organisation’s services and makes appropriate recommendations regarding how the quality of the services can be improvised. Correspondingly, the graphical representations of the provided data have also been incorporated. The data regarding the number of incident cases and the client count of the three quarters has been provided and has also been critically described using the graphical representations. The entire critical analysis has been segregated into two specific categories. The first category is regarding the ‘Out of Home Care (OOHC)’ and the second one is the ‘disability cases’. The number of clients in the case of OOHC has been measured to be 38 and the total number of clients that has been determined under the disability case is 796 (E. W. Tipping Foundationa, 2013). In accordance with the provided reports, the total number of incident cases belonging to category 1 for the month duration from 1st July 2013 to 30th September 2013 has been recorded as 32. Out of this recorded incident count, a total of 16 cases

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Human Resource - Essay Example Essentially, it points directly to the contributions of the employees with regards to the underlying bottom line of the company by delineating employees as an invaluable resource. In order to fully understand this notion, it is necessary for us to operationally define human resource management. Simms (2002) offers one of the most clear and concise definition of human resource management when he indicated that human resources management was: the term increasingly used to refer to the philosophy, policies, procedures, and practices related to the management of an organization’s employees. Human resources management is particularly concerned with all the activities that contribute to successfully attracting, developing, motivating, and maintaining a high-performing workforce that results in organizational success (Sims 2002). One of the primary functions of human resource management is to improve knowledge, skills and attitudes that enable employees to perform current and future jobs in order to help organizations achieve success. (Rothwell & Kazanas 1994). In fact Philip and Shaw (1998) stated that an integral part of human resource management needs to be that of training the employees and equipping them to deal with the rapid change in technology. This is tied into many other human resource functions such as recruitment, retention, creation of new positions, work systems and performance management systems. These systems would need to be aligned with the organizations missions and goals. Alignment would ensure that the training offered is what is required to achieve the mission and goals of the organization. Training is a very broad term that has many definitions and uses in the literature. Training is the process of getting the right knowledge, skills and abilities at the right time, in the correct way and in the correct priority order to an employee. The training process is aimed at preparing individuals to perform current and future jobs (DeSimone &

Managing resource within a changing economic climate (CX airline) Essay

Managing resource within a changing economic climate (CX airline) - Essay Example In keeping with the global recognition and its continuous striving efforts in the airline industry, Cathay Pacific significantly performs streamlined operations, which enables the organisation to build substantial economic growth. In recent times, it is observed that the financial performance of the organisation is rapidly increasing due to its exceptional business strategies. Currently, the airline operations of Cathay Pacific involve two major divisions i.e. Airlines Business Division (ABD) as well as Non-Airline Business Division (NBD) that substantially provide a major support to the overall business performances of the organisation. Moreover, the company also operates its effective airlines operations through Dragon Airlines (Dragonair), a major subsidiary division of Cathay Pacific which incorporates different airline services such as aircraft engineering and handling, aircraft catering as well as infrastructure management [2] (Cathay Pacific Airways Limited, 2011). Based on the different operational services and a range of airline services of Cathay Pacific, the aim of this report is to provide a clear assessment of financial performance of Cathay Pacific in the prevailing global economic environment. Moreover, the discussion of this report would further encompass the process of developing recruitment, selection along with retention plans for Cathay Pacific in the global airlines industry. According to Cathay Pacific’s annual report of the year 2011, it has been observed that the organisation was considerably affected due to the instability as well as uncertainty of the global economies. The most affected area of Cathay Pacific during the year 2011 was its cargo business which has been observed to be quite diminishing at the last three quarter of the year. The cargo business of Cathay Pacific was affected due to the

Human Resource Management at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Human Resource Management at Work - Essay Example uum but the key here is that this area needs to work under a broader framework that links it to the strategy of the firm; external factors are found to be affecting it apart from the internal factors. The HRM takes into account all the individual and group related that is collective relations, a number of human resource practices, policies and process, activities pursued by the HR specialist, union’s role, developing some HR practices that will provide the organization with an edge, employee security or it can even work on incorporating some organizational change. These are some of the factors that can be worked upon and thus are designed in a manner to increase the performance of an organization by effective human resources management. Similarly as the case implies that Brendon Jones Inc. is a service providing company, and for this reason the employees are the key assets of the organization. The 200 employees found in working at 10 leisure outlets were working at the front line. They were basically responsible for bringing in the business. Dealing with the customers and maintaining the relationship was the best and most important factor for the organization like Brendon Jones. Looking at the today’s working environment Human Resource Management is much more important than ever. The functions of managing and developing people are seen critical to gain improvements in the performance of an organization. The same was the case in Brendon Jones; there were changes taking place, the company was bought by a corporate investment company. It was like a change in the ownership structure. Employees working with the original founder were somehow used to of the policies and procedures. But as its being mentioned in the case that there was no HR manager; it’s not the task of Finance and Administration director to handle issues that are related to human workforce. For this reason as to solve the challenges related to reducing the labor turnover and to maintaining

Six feet of the country by Nadine Gordimer and No witchcraft for sale by Doris Lessing Essay Example for Free

Six feet of the country by Nadine Gordimer and No witchcraft for sale by Doris Lessing Essay What do these stories tell us about being black in Southern Africa at this time? What techniques do the authors use to convey their ideas to us? Both of the stories studied, Six feet of the country by Nadine Gordimer and No witchcraft for sale by Doris Lessing, contain similar views about being black during this time, including the racial tension that existed between black and white people. This tension also caused difficulties in the relationships held between master and servant. The opinion of the inferiority of black servants and black people in general is also addressed in both of the stories. The inferiority of black people during this time is a big issue that is addressed in these stories. In No witchcraft for sale one of the first instances showing black inferiority was when Teddy, only six years old, showed disrespect towards Gideons youngest son shouting, piccanin, at him and racing around him on his scooter, intimidating him, then excusing his actions stating that; Hes only a black boy. Therefore implying that the boy was inferior and unimportant to him because he was black. This created a barrier in the normally trusting relationship that Teddy and Gideon shared, forcing Gideon to distance himself from the boy becoming for the first time in the story as black and white,. Teddy also changed and realised superiority over Gideon; If he came into the kitchen to ask for something, it was in the way a white man uses towards a servant, expecting to be obeyed. This concept of blacks being inferior was reinforced in Six feet of the country when Petrus and his father were sent the wrong body to be buried, none of the authorities were able to help even when the white master tried to gain information about where Petruss brothers body was. He had the impression that the authorities didnt care; It was as if at any moment they might conduct me into their mortuary and say, There! Lift up the sheets; look for him your poultry boys brother. There are so many black faces surely one will do? Also highlighted in this story is the existence of racial tension, this sentence describes it indisputably; Guns under the white mens pillows and the burglar bars on the white mens windows. They mean those strange moments on city pavements when a black man wont stand aside for a white man. The expectance of a black man to stand aside for a white man shows the accepted inferiority of black people at this time, although it also depicts the tension caused by the black people in the city refusing to be inferior any longer. Racial tension was also a factor in the difficulties that arose between Gideon the servant and Mr and Mrs Farquar when the white scientist came from the city with his preconceived notions that he wouldnt find anything, to ask for the root that saved Teddys eyesight when a poisonous snake spat in his face. The Farquars, who were normally very fond of Gideon even allowing him to live in the compound with his family instead of going home to his kraal like most black servants, still favoured the white scientist over Gideon. They didnt understand why he would not tell them of the cure, thinking that he was just being unreasonable; They went on persuading and arguing, with all the force of their exasperation. Gideon felt betrayed by the Farquars asserting their authority over him, showing their superiority over him because the scientist was there, and, because this was his knowledge, black knowledge; He could not believe his old friends could so betray him. Gideon appeared to give in to their persuading, however, instead of taking the Farquars and the scientist the short ten-minute journey to find the root, he took them a tortuous six miles from the house in the blistering heat Before passing a handful of flowers to the scientist; He walked them through the bush along unknown paths for two hours. In that melting destroying heat. Gideon was punishing them for betraying him, while they felt angry and the scientist thought that he was being proved right, that the medicines didnt exist, which was what he was supposed to think; The magical drug would remain where it was, unknown and useless except for the tiny scattering of Africans who had the knowledge. In Six feet of the country, Lerice and her husband, like the Farquars, display and informality with their servants that in the midst of Apartheid would have been extremely unusual. They often cared for them when they were ill, however when Petruss brother travelled the hundreds of miles from Rhodesia, without the relevant permit, to find work, the servants were afraid to inform Lerice and her husband, causing Lerice to feel offended and hurt. Differing values are another idea presented to us by these stories, including the significance of burying Petruss brother because the land that he was buried in would be the only thing that really belonged to him and couldnt be taken away. Gideons cures are also the only thing that truly belongs to the black medicine man and not the white doctors, therefore Gideon being stubborn and not revealing the medicine, is really just preserving a piece of the native culture. The authors use various techniques to convey their ideas to us; both use language to communicate the inferiority of the black servants calling them boy no matter what age they are, quite literally addressing them as junior to or lower than the whites and then in contrast to this the black servants call the white men baas, therefore enhancing the superiority of them. Descriptive language is also used to emphasize certain points in the stories. In Six feet of the country the funeral procession is depicted as being peculiarly suited to the two donkeys pulling the cart, describing them as having an air of submissiveness and as being downcast. This is particularly effective in communicating the mood of the servants not just at the time of the funeral but in general at the time of Apartheid. This also shows how dignified the servants were, although they were extremely poor they still managed to give their dead a formal funeral. Doris Lessing presented the themes of racial tension and difficulties in a normally pleasant relationship between master and servant. The tension was brought on by the Farquars themselves, describing the scientist as the Big doctor from the big city, adopting a racist attitude on account of the scientist. To be black in Southern Africa at this time would mean being a second class person to be inferior to white people and would spend their lives serving white people. According to the authorities in Six feet of the country a black person living in South Africa would have no identity. I believe that the tension illustrated in both of these stories was caused by a lack of understanding the white people had of the black culture and traditions, I also believe that Doris Lessing and Nadine Gordimer have effectively conveyed the themes that I have highlighted, racial tension, difficult relationships or relationship barriers and differing values with the use of language, the way they presented the characters and the presentation of the themes. The title No witchcraft for sale was used because the black witchcraft was something that Gideon possessed that the white man did not, this is very similar to Six feet of the country as the six feet represent the land that Petruss brother was buried in, it would be all that he owned that couldnt be taken from him.

Compare and contrast of the three women Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast of the three women Essay Virgin Mary Mary is an important figure in catholic faith, Mother of Jesus Christ in physical body, she is also the spiritual Mother of the Church, the Bishops of the Second Vatican Council gave this title to her. We know little biographical information about Mary, our greatest source would be the books of Matthew, Mark, John and Luke. From these spiritual accounts and knowledge of the everyday circumstances she would have faced comes a picture of the Mary the shepherds would have found in Bethlehem: a woman who was young, devout, offended by injustice, devoted to her child, and, many believe, sorrowful in the knowledge of what his fate would be. Mary was bethroed to Joseph when the angel Gabriel appears to her and says she is to bear the son of God, she asks, How can this be, since I am a virgin? She is told that nothing is impossible with God. Marys consent and willingness to endure social injustice for God is an holy act in itself, as women suspected of adultery were often stoned to death. Throughout her life she seen as very holy and is believed to be the Immaculate Conception i.e. born without any sin. Although Mary herself is holy as well as all her acts, the most courageous act she did was watching her son die on the cross. Mary endured the pain because she was a good piteous woman devoted to God, she knew Jesus death was inevitable. Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale was born in May 12th 1820. She was an aristocrat born to wealthy British parents. At 16 Florence thought she heard the voice of God telling her that she had a special mission in life. Florence suspected it had something to do with nursing because as a young child she had always enjoyed caring for the sick. Traditionally she was meant to behave like a upper class lady, but Florence was reculant to do so, having found her passions elsewhere. She turned down suitors and social parties to instead take up studying health and medicine. As she was a woman of the upper class, this behaviour was not expected. A cultured lady of that day did not enter in hospital work and her familys opposition finally prevented her from  working in a hospital. She overcame this obstacle by studying at a protestant school for nursing. Later she became the superintendent of a hospital in London. At the Crimean War, Florence was asked to take charge of nursing. There she revolutionized hospital care. She cleaned up the hospital, set schedules, ordered supplies, and once the hospital was running smoothly- taught the soldiers how to read and write. When she returned to England she fell sick from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Ministers, heads of government, authors, politicians and reformers came to her for her advice. She received many public honors and was the first woman to be awarded the British Order of Merit. Florence almost single-handedly invented modern nursing, as we know it today, and created a new image of female nurses as a professional class. Irena Sendler Irena Sendler was born in 1910 in Otwock, a town some 15 miles southeast of Warsaw. She was greatly influenced by her father who was one of the first Polish Socialists. During WW11 Irene defied the Nazis and in a show of remarkable bravery, rescued 2,500 Jewish children by smuggling them out of the Warsaw Ghetto. She was rescuing these children from most certain death, as very few came out of the Warsaw Ghetto alive. Irene worked in the Warsaw Social Welfare Department and as a result was able to go about freely without suspicion. When Irene saw the prejudice and terrible conditions that were being forced upon the Jews she was appalled and decided to join the Polish underground resistance movement Aid to the Jews. Irena Sendler accomplished her incredible deeds with the active assistance of the church. I sent most of the children to religious establishments, she recalled. I knew I could count on the Sisters. The children were given false identities and placed in homes, orphanages and convents. Irena Sendler carefully noted, in coded form, the childrens original names and their new identities. But the Nazis became aware of Irenas activities, and on October 20, 1943 she was arrested, imprisoned and tortured by the Gestapo, who broke her feet and legs. Though she was the only one who knew the names and addresses of the families sheltering the  Jewish children, she withstood the torture, refusing to betray either her associates or any of the Jewish children in hiding. She escaped from prison but for the rest of the war the Gestapo pursued her. After the war she dug up the jars and used the notes to track down the 2,500 children she placed with adoptive families and to reunite them with relatives scattered across Europe. This lovely, courageous woman was one of the most dedicated and active workers in aiding Jews during the Nazi occupation of Poland. Her courage enabled not only the survival of 2,500 Jewish children but also of the generations of their descendants. Her courage, strength and the goodness of her spirit is honored forever by those lives she saved. Compare and Contrast Mary, Irena Sendler, and Florence Nightingale all have something in common. Each and every one overcame social injustice, discrimination and prejudice in the name of all things good. Virgin Mary knew she would be shunned, as her baby was conceived before marriage, back then adultery was punishable by stoning to death, yet she agreed to do gods work out of love for the Lord. Irena Sendler risked her life for the 2,500 children she saved, her deeds could have gotten her killed yet her faith and morality was more important to her, and Florence Nightingale overcame the social ethics and restrictions of her time to do what she believed to be Gods work. Another similarity is the fact that all three women saved lives in their own respective way. Unlike Florence and Irena, Mary did her deeds indirectly and in a more spiritual sense, she gave birth to Jesus who is spiritually viewed as the savior of mankind, he gave people salvation, faith and hope. Also, today many people see Mary as a role model and through her seek inspiration that leads many people to give up sin and live a good and holy life. This contrasts to the work of Florence Nightingale and Irena Sendler, these two woman saved people in the physical sense, through knowledge, nursing, and trying to prevent genocide. These woman strike inspiration and strength in all that read their story. Though they come from different eras and have different life stories to tell, all three are fine examples of the strength, faith and capabilities of a woman. Bibliography Internet http://net2.netacc.net/~mafg/mary03.htm http://www.auschwitz.dk/Sendler.htm http://www.catholic.org/saints/saints/lucy.html http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/stl01001.htm http://www.dnai.com/~borneo/nightingale/tl1.htm http://www.geocities.com/squillin_us/Mother%20Mary.htm http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/sendler.htm Books Book of Saints Mark Straton 1991 J.M Dent Pty. Dictionary of World Biography. Barry Jones 1998 The Age Encyclopedia of World Biography McGraw Hill 1973 McGraw Hill Inc. Florence Nightingale John Drasedon 1988 Wiley and Sons LTD Virgin Mary Linda McWell 1963 Curtin Pty.

How A Sniper Gun Works Criminology Essay

How A Sniper Gun Works Criminology Essay ONE SHOT ONE KILL is how Sniper Gun works. The term Sniper was first used in 1824 in the sense of word Sharpshooter. The main purpose of this gun is to destroy valuable targets at extended range. In most of the cases, target means human beings (enemy soldiers, armed terrorists and criminals). The range of such weapon is between 100 to 1000 meters and it is especially used in military and special operations. Basically there are three types of sniper rifles: Military, Police/Law Enforcement and Special Task Sniper Rifles. Some of the best Snipers in world are M24, USA; Dragunav SVD, Russian; Heckler and Koch XM-8, Germany and Vidhwansak AMR, Indian. Main objective of this review is to provide an insight about types of sniper guns, their construction, mechanism and how we can make them better using Laser, Infra red, GPS system, Sniper detectors and Laser guided bullets to make sniper a complete solution for Army. Introduction It has been hundred years now and Sniper is still the favorite toy of Army. This is because of the design and capabilities of this weapon system and specialized scopes, butt stocks and bipod arrangements making sniper more dangerous. However, proper training and experience can differentiate sniper from true sharp shooter men. Sniper is now the ultimate finisher, a true modern-day ninja which makes its own way few miles away. Sniper rifles come in a powerful array of automatic and bolt-action styles and makes. Most of the snipers are modified with specialized telescopic sights offering the best in accuracy-inducing ergonomics. Sniper rifles have more recently been fielded in the highly-lethal point fifty calibers round which is capable of penetrating engine blocks and can left the human bodies covered in body armor. It is the best soldier as it has unique advanced in recoil, specialized ammunition and highly technical sight. Usually have this image of a sniper working alone behind ene my lines, a sniper is only made better by the use of a spotter and together they make a sniper team following the target through his own scope and calling out adjustments in trajectory and wind age as needed. This working in unison provides a most powerful and lethally hidden element to any war. Consequently, it does not take too much experience to be trained in being a sniper type element on the opposite side. It then becomes a case of the hunter becoming the hunted [1]. History of Sniper Use of Sniper goes back to as early as Sixteenth Century; snipers first victim was Takeda Shingen in Japan. In Britain Sir Lord Brooke, senior parliamentarian was killed during English Civil War by sniper. Similarly this weapon was also used in American War OF Revolution. The first Rifle Regiments was formed by British Army during Napoleonic War. Use of such weapon than started becoming the need of army as it was highly accurate and was modified easily according to its need. During American Civil War US Sharp shooters who were trained under Colonel Hiram Berdnam killed more enemy than any other Union Army with their point fifty two caliber sniper rifle. In the same war Sg.Ben Powell sniped Major General John Sedgwick at a distance of 798 yd during battle of Spotsylvania Court House. This weapon was then used for assassinations due to its high range aim by criminals. Twentieth century changed the outlook of sniper. These guns were the main weapons in WORLD WAR I and II. Junior Lieuten ant Vasily Zaytsev (World War II) credited of killing 225 German soldiers during the Battle of Stalingrad. Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock has achieved 93 confirmed kills but believed to also have over 200 unconfirmed kills in Vietnam War. He held the record of longest confirmed kill at a distance of 2,250  m (2,460  yd) (made with a scoped M2 Browning machine gun) for 35 years until 2002. Canadian soldier Corporal Rob Furlong, formerly of (Operation Anaconda, Afghanistan) holds the record for the longest-ever recorded and confirmed sniper kill at 2,430  m (2,657  yd) using a point fifty caliber (12.7  mm) McMillan TAC-50 rifle. Boon of science and technology has changed the outlook of Military Weapons and these weapons are transforming to new level by every birth [2, 3]. Basic Construction Main parts of sniper gun Main parts of sniper gun are: Barrel and Receiver Bolt with Bolt Support Safety Lever Assembly Magazine Butt Upper Band Assembly Hand Guard L.H.Assembly Hand Guard R.H.Assembly Sight Leaf Assembly Front-Sight Base and Body Assembly These can be further divide into various parts which are shown in Figure 1 and enlisted in Table 1 [4]. Figure.1 Table 1: Various parts of sniper gun Sr no Components Sr no Components 1 Bolt Support 21 Front Sight Body 2 Firing Pin 22 Front 3 Cover 23 Pusher 4 Guiding Rod 24 Front Sight Base 5 Guiding Bushing 25 Barrel 6 Bolt 26 Upper Band Assembly 7 Extractor Pin 27 Band Axle Pin 8 Firing Pin Stud 28 Oil Seal Assembly 9 Extractor Spring 29 Hand Guard 10 Extractor 30 Upper Band with Spring 11 Return Spring 31 Magazine Body Assembly 12 Sight Leaf Slide 32 Magazine Spring 13 Sight Leaf 33 Magazine Cover 14 Hand Guard, L.H 34 Sight Leaf Assembly 15 Pusher Spring 35 Follower 16 Gas Tube Latch 36 Receiver 17 Gas Chamber 37 Accidental Shot Safety Device 18 Gas Piston 38 Firing Trigger Mechanism 19 Gas Tube 39 Cover Axle Pin 20 Gas Regulator 40 Butt Assembly MECHANISM OF WORKING Sniper mainly works on the following mechanism: a. Firing and Trigger Mechanism b. Cover and Retracting Mechanism Working of Sniper is very simple and basic; it is a self reloading weapon. This reloading depends upon the energy obtained from powder gas which arc channeled from barrel bore to piston gas. Upon firing, a certain amount of the powder gases following the bullet flows through the port in the barrel bore wall into the gas chamber, exerts pressure upon the front wall of the gas piston and throws back the piston with pusher and, consequently, the bolt support into the rearward position. As the bolt support travels rearward, the bolt opens the barrel bore; the Cartridge case gets removed from the cartridge chamber and ejected out of the receiver. The bolt support compresses the return springs and cocks the hammer; i.e. engages it with the auto-safety cocking cam. The bolt support and the bolt return to the front position under the action of the retracting mechanism; as a result, the bolt feeds the next cartridge from the magazine into the cartridge chamber and closes the barrel bore, whil e the bolt support disengages the auto-safety sear from the hammer. The hammer gets cocked. The bolt gets locked, after it has been turned to the left and its locking lugs engaged with recesses of the receiver. To fire a shot, it is necessary to release the trigger and press it anew. After the trigger has been released, the rod modes forward and its hook engage the sear and, if pressed, the rod hook turns the sear and disengages it from the hammer cocking cam. The hammer actuated by the mainspring turns round its pin and strikes the firing pin. The latter travels forward and impinges the primer. Thus, a shot is fired. With the last cartridge fired and the bolt returned to the rearward position, the magazine follower lifts the bolt catch; the latter engages the bolt to stop the bolt support in the rearward position. Thus, it is necessary to load the rifle anew. The rifle has a gas regulator, which serves to change recoil speeds of moving parts. Under conditions of proper servicing with the parts lubricated, the gas regulator is set at division a. On firing during a long time without cleaning and lubricating and heavy soiling of the rifle, stoppage may occur incomplete recoil of the moving parts. In this case the regulator is set at division. b. To change the regulator from one positions to another use the rim of the cartridge case or the cartridge [4]. PRESENT SENARIO OF SNIPER Science and Technology has lead to the development of new prototype advance weapon system. Some of the best snipers with their specifications in the world are given in Table 2. Table 2: Comparison of different types of Sniper guns [5-58]. Name Of Sniper Gun Type In Service Variants Weight Action Effective Range Feed System Istiglal Anti-Material Rifle(5-13) Anti-materiel rifle 2008-present 12.7x108mm 44.0 lbs (20.0 kg) Recoil-operated, rotating bolt 3,000  m (9,843  ft) 10-round detachable box magazine FAMAE FD-200(14) Designated Marksman Rifle 2000-present NA 5.10  kg Gas operated 800 m SIG 542 compatible magazines 7.62 Tkiv 85 (15) Sniper rifle 1984-present NA 7  kg (15.4  lb) Bolt action 800  m (875  yd) 5-round magazine, loaded with 5-round charger clips Accuracy International Arctic Warfare (16) Sniper rifle 1982-present NA 6.5  kg (14.3  lb) Bolt-action 850  m/s (2,790  ft/s) 10-round detachable box magazine Accuracy International AS50(16) Anti-materiel rifle, Sniper rifle 2006-present 1 AS50 27 lb (12.2 kg) Direct impingement 1,500 m 5 or 10 round detachable box JNG-90 (17-20) Sniper rifle 2008-present NA NA Rotating bolt 1000 m NA KNT-308(21) Sniper rifle 2008-presnt NA NA bolt action 1000+ m 5-round detachable box AMP Technical Services DSR-1(23-27) Bolt action rifle 2000-presnet DSR-1 Subsonic (7.62x51mm NATO) 5.9  kg (unloaded) without scope) Bolt-action 800  m -875  yd 5 round detachable box magazine Brà ¼gger Thomet APR(28) Sniper rifle 2005-present APR308P, APR308S, APR338 7.1-8.2kg Bolt-action, manually operated 1000-1038 yd 10-round detachable box magazine Armalite AR-50(29) Bolt action rifle 1997-1999 Armalite AR-30 (smaller caliber) 15.5kg Bolt action NA 1 bullet AWC G2 (30-31) Sniper Rifle 1990s-present G2, G2A, G2FA NA Gas-Operated, rotating bolt NA 20 round magazines Barrett M82 (32) Anti-materiel rifle 1989-present M82A1, M82A1A, M82A1M, M82A2, M82A3, M107 13.5-14kg Recoil-operated, rotating bolt 1,800  m (5,906  ft) 10-round detachable box magazine Blaser 93 Tactical (33) Sniper rifle 1993-present Blaser LRS 2 Blaser Tactical 2 5kg Bolt action NA 5-rounds detachable box magazine Bor rifle (34) Sniper rifle 2007-present Alex Tactical Sport Alex-338 6.1kg Bolt- action 800m 10-round detachable box magazine CheyTac Intervention (35) Sniper rifle 2001-present NA 14kg Turn bolt 2000m 7-round detachable box CZ 700 sniper rifle(36) Sniper rifle NA 6.2kg Bolt Action NA 10-round detachable box C3A1 (37-39) Sniper rifle 1972-2003 NA 7.2kg Manually operated bolt action 800m 5 round detachable box Timberwolf (40) Sniper rifle 2005-present NA 7.1kg Manually operated bolt action 1500m 5 round detachable box Desert Tactical Arms Stealth Recon Scout(41) Sniper rifle 2008-present NA 5.2-5.6kg Bolt action NA 5-7 round detachable box WKW Wilk(42) Sniper rifle 2005-present NA 16.1kg Manually operated rotary bolt action 3000m 7 round detachable box VKS Sniper(43) Sniper rifle 2002-present NA 7kg NA 600m 5 round detachable box United States Marine Corps Designated Marksman Rifle(44) Sniper rifle 2001-present NA 4.0-4.5kg Gas operated, rotating bolt. Semi automatic 600-800m 5,10, and 20 round detachable box United States Navy Mark 12 Mod X Special Purpose Rifle(45-47) Sniper rifle 2002-present 4.5kg Gas operated, rotating bolt. Semi automatic 600 yards 20 or 30 round STANAG magazine United States Army Squad Designated Marksman Rifle (48) Sniper rifle 2004-present NA 4.5kg Gas-operated (direct impingement) 660yard 20 or 30 detachable box T93 sniper rifle(49) Sniper rifle 2005-present NA 5kg Bolt action Over 800m 5 round internal magazine M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System (50-52) Sniper rifle 2008-present NA 6.5kg Gas-operated, rotating bolt 1000m 10 or 20 detachable box Heckler Koch HK417 (53) Battle rifle NA Assaulter Recce (16 barrel standard and accurized) Sniper (20 barrel accurized 3.87-4.23kg Gas-operated, rotating bolt NA 10 or 20 detachable box FN Special Police Rifle (54) Sniper rifle 2004-present A1, A1a, A2, A4, A3 G, A5 M 4.9-7.5kg Bolt action NA 7.6251 mm (.308 Winchester):4-round detachable box magazine or 5-round internal box magazine .300 Winchester Short Magnum: 3-round internal box magazine Dragunov SVU (55) Sniper rifle 1994-present SVU-A 3.6kg Gas operated, rotating bolt NA 10 or 20-round detachable box magazine Vidhwansak Anti Material0 Rifle (56-57) Anti-material rifle 2007-present NA 25kg Manual bolt action 1800m Magazine ADVANCEMENTS IN SNIPER Sniper Location Gunshot Detection Systems Snipers have become the second greatest cause of fatalities in combat in present wars. Troops are often most vulnerable in stationary environments, such as when on perimeter or a Forward Operation Base (FOB). Until recently, sniper detection and location systems were employed primarily on vehicular and static installations, when manning guard towers, or out at mobile checkpoints. Two versions of gunshot locators were discussed here. Both are being addressed by the US military, in an attempt to improve response effectiveness and reduce vulnerability to attacks by sniper and small arms ambushes. Gunshot locators also improve the war fighters situational understanding in emergency situations, particularly when responding to ambush situations. The Boomerang acoustic shooter detection system was developed by BBN to provide warning over sniper threats. Today, over 1,000 Boomerang systems are operational worldwide and procurement of 8,000 additional systems is currently underway. Initially, the system was installed on vehicles, but the most recent enhancements, a static installation kit and portable system, complements the Boomerang to cover more modes of operation. Boomerang automatically provides immediate indication of hostile fire or sniper attacks and localizes the shooters position, allowing rapid, informed and coordinated response. The system can be installed on an individual vehicle (manned or unmanned), at a checkpoint, or be scaled up for full perimeter security of a forward operating base. The ability to identify insurgent firing locations quickly eliminates random patrol deployments and exposure to unknown hostile fire. (Figure)[58]. The static installation kit is contained in a man-portable package, providing rapid installation in temporary or fixed sites. It is equipped with interfacing, to enable interoperability with remote weapon stations and EO/IR sensors currently fielded in theater. Furthermore, several Boomerang sensors can be integrated and networked, to provide better and more precise coverage of fixed sites. Gunshot alerts can be integrated and presented into situational awareness pictures, such as the Blue Force Tracking. Acoustic processing is not the only solution for gunshot detection. Gunshot signature can be identified, located and processed even faster using electro-optical means. Two Israeli systems are providing such capabilities Rafaels Spotlight M and IAI/Eltas Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) are sensors-based and a Transient Event Detection (TED) system, developed by a new subsidiary called OptigO. They are designed to cover a wide area, triggering an instant alarm and threat location when a si ngle shot is fired [58]. LASER Guided Bullet A small caliber laser-guided bullet having a self-contained guidance system is disclosed including on-board laser sensors and navigational circuits capable of detecting a laser target signature, determining the deviation of the bullet from an optimum projectory along which the bullet would impact a hostile target, and generating an electrical signal to piezo electric steering control surfaces to effect a change in the course of the bullet. The guided bullet utilizes a plurality of symmetrically arranged laser sensor elements which are positioned about a longitudinal axis of the bullet. The laser sensor elements function to transmit optical radiation from the laser target beam to photo detector elements housed within the bullet. The electrical signals from the photo detector elements are then amplified and processed by semiconductor logic circuits to produce the functions required by the steering control surfaces to translate the bullet to the optimum trajectory. Electrical power for the guidance system is provided by a miniature lithium polymer battery which is interconnected with the navigational circuits to produce the functions of the system. The guided bullet is fired from a precision, smooth bore weapon using a conventional expanding gas cartridge and is effective at ranges up to 3,000 meters and beyond. A bullet guidance system for guiding an in-flight bullet along an optimum trajectory along which said bullet would impact a laser identified target, said system comprising: laser beam detecting means contained within said bullet and being capable of receiving laser beam energy reflected from said target and converting said energy to electrical impulses; logic circuit means contained within said bullet having means therein responsive to receipt of said impulses for determining the deviation of said bullet from said optimum trajectory and for generating corrective signals in response to said impulses; steering control means having means therein responsive to said corrective signals in a manner to actuate said steering control means so as to deflect air flow about said bullet, said control means including at least deployable flap means being outwardly extensible from said bullet to deflect air flow about said bullet to impart a correctional momentum to translate said bullet to said optimum trajectory, said bullet being fired from a precision, smooth-bored weapon thereby not imparting axial spin to said bullet in the manner of a rifle; and power supply means contained within said bullet being inter connectable to said logic circuit and said steering control means to provide sufficient electrical power to produce the functions required by said system [59]. 6.3 Next-Generation Cant-Miss Snipers Snipers are already deadly accurate, pinpointing targets from a thousand meters away and more.   But a heavy crosswind can throw off even the surest shot.  This is why the military has started a largely-secret, crash program to build laser gun sights that compensate for the environment giving snipers lethal precision at 2000 meters range, in winds up to 40 miles per hour.   If it works out as planned, Defense Department researchers think the scopes will boost a snipers kill-rate by ten-fold, or more, and let snipers engage and pull the trigger in less than one second. Today, the agency notes, a 10mph wind could produce a miss even at 400 meters while in other cases the deviation could be much worse, exceeding 3 meters at 1200 meters range. The first method (to grossly, grossly oversimplify), is to shoot out a series of thousands of laser pulses, creating a profile of the eddies in the local atmosphere as the light bounces back.   The second involves using use a high-speed cam era to take an image of the target.  The eddies distort the phase of the light in that picture.   The scope, through a series of algorithms, can take those into account for the sniper team. Algorithms for the second approach have already been developed and field tested at University of Marylands Intelligent Optics Laboratory, Pentagon documents show, helping target objects 2300 meters away [60]. Super Sniper: Next Wars Secret Weapon Its probably not the game changing, secret weapon of the war. But it could help win the next one: a stealth sniper scope for invisible assassination.   Battles are increasingly about taking out a few select enemies, not large numbers of foes. Such device allows you to locate, target and kill a subject. Heat haze ordinarily throws off snipers. But SRVS changes heat haze from an obstruction into a means of enhancing the view. An effect called turbulence induced micro lensing means that every instant the heated air acts as a series of lenses; at a given moment you may be able to look right through them and see a magnified view of the scene beyond. The trick is to use digital technology to identify the lucky regions or lucky frames when a clear view appears and assemble them into a complete picture. The end result is a portable device 35 centimeters long and weighing two kilogram with an unprecedented capability. This sniper scope can beat the diffraction limit, which defines the best that any other optical device can do in conditions of severe heat haze, no less. Specifically, the SRVS will be good enough to positively ID individuals at sniping range: a. With an aperture not to exceed 6 cm, demonstrate that full scale facial images meeting ANSI INCITS 385-2004 can be correctly identified by trained observers (90% correct identification) at a distance of 1 km (representing a 3x improvement over current performance). b. Demonstrate better-than-diffraction-limited super-resolution imaging at a speed of not less than 1 Hz where human subjects moving at 1 m/s can be correctly identified by trained observers (90% correct identification) at a distance of 1 km. The spooky aspect of the SRVS is that even if the target is looking right at you, they wont see a thing because of the heat haze. A sniper using one of these will be a truly invisible assassin, with the ideal technology for picking off high-value targets. The prototype is supposed to be ready for early 2011, with finished units being delivered to Special Operations units in 2011 end. There are currently a number of anti-sniper systems (a.k.a. sniper detection systems, a.k.a. gunfire detection systems) that have been designed and developed for use by military infantry personnel [61]. CONCLUSION Sniper is the term of excellence in the Army. Howitzers accurately fire in excess of 28 kilometers, tanks kill out to four kilometers, helicopters gunship missiles kill out to eight kilometers. The maximum range of infantry small arms engagements, however, has shrunk significantly over the past century. Some of the standard infantry rifles of World Wars I and II had sights that ranged out to more than 2,000 yards (1800 meters), and infantry soldiers trained to engage area targets even out to those ranges. But with the adoption of the smaller caliber, higher velocity .223 bullets as the infantry standard for many nations, the maximum training and hence effective range of infantry small arms has dropped off to 300 meters or less. Such advancements can give rebirth to new definition of Sniper which will change the whole outlook, and rest will be HISTORY. Such sniper will able to detect, blow the target well beyond 3000 meter range and will be most effective in counter terrorism. Thus we can prevent another 26/11- Mumbai attacks and save life of innocents.

Constitutional Framers Essay -- American History, The Federalists

The Confederation congress was plagued with problems as the former colonies struggled to form a national identity. The lack of permanent physical location and united national government led to problems of inaction, following the Revolutionary war. â€Å"Congress’s lack of power and frequent inability to act (often due to a lack of quorum or the need for a supermajority for certain decisions) demanded reform† (Wirls 58). The founding fathers agreed on the need for a stronger national government however two opposing groups argued about the nature of its composition. Federalists argued for a strong national government, with a few representatives, removed the day to day local political affairs. They desired a group of political elite leaders, free to make decisions based on national interests. In order to promote an independent nature within the senate, Federalists promoted long terms, some advocating lifetime appointments. The anti-Federalists rejected the ide a of permanent elite and instead promoted a large number of representatives with small groups of political constituents. Rather than the crà ¨me de la crà ¨me of society, anti-Federalists promoted a kaleidoscope vision; representatives would personally reflect the interests of their constituents. During the final constitutional plan for the U.S. Senate a compromise was reached between the two groups; the anti-Federalist views were incorporated in the equal apportionment and appointment by the states, Federalists promoted independence in the senate by instituting staggered six year terms. The compromise between the Federalist and anti-Federalist was reached through a series of decisions, in part helped by the fact that those against strengthening the Federal governme... ...the senate, the convention was able to move forward in forming a national government with responsibilities and rights separate from those of the states. The Federalists were able to preserve the independence of the senate through six year terms and more stringent eligibility requirements than those for the House of Representatives. The eventual formation of a separate national capital ensured the both physically as well as psychologically desired independence of the senate and congress desired by the Federalists. The members of both sides present shared a mutual understanding of the need for a senate in a stronger national system. The decisions which lead to the compromise resulted in the creation of a senate through the Constitution which included both Federalist and anti-Federalist views as well as creating unintended consequences neither side anticipated.

Julia Child: Master Chef and TV Star Essay -- Biographies Cooking Pape

Julia Child: Master Chef and TV Star O Julia, Julia, Cook and nifty wench, Whose unsurpassed quenelles and hot soufflà ©s, Whose English, Norse and German, and whose French, Are all beyond my piteous powers to praise- Whose sweetly-rounded bottom and whose legs, Whose gracious face, whose nature temperate, Are only equaled by her scrambled eggs: Accept from me, your ever-loving mate, This acclamation shaped in fourteen lines Whose inner truth belies its outer sight; For never were there foods, nor were there wines, Whose flavor equals yours for sheer delight. O luscious dish! O gustatory pleasure! You satisfy my taste-buds beyond measure. - Paul Child Julia Child is a creative genius who changed the culinary world with her energetic personality and fine cooking skills. She is a fine example of the gusto-olfactory intelligence with special accents of visual spatial and interpersonal intelligence’s. There were many chefs that could fall in this intelligence category, including Escoffier, Beard, and Farmer . I chose Julia because she is a woman who broke new ground in the world of cooking. She empowered America by encouraging them to cook and enjoy food. The gusto olfactory intelligence is really a matter of taste and smell. A gusto olfactory intelligent person is able to create a specific taste, to create their own additions to recipes, and to bring something new to the sense called taste. Childhood and Heritage Julia Carolyn McWilliams was born in Pasadena, California, on August 15, 1921 to her proud parents John and Caro McWilliams. Caro, as she was called, was an energetic woman who wanted to see the world before settling down. When she finally married John McWilliams she maintained her independent free s... ...and mind. As Gardner expected it took a great deal of time and steady work at her discipline to master it. Julia Child cast off in new directions never explored before. She fought the battle of being a woman in a male dominated field and world, along her way. She found the tools and status quo of her field unsatisfactory and began work on a new way of thinking about food. Julia, however, did not follow Gardner’s concept of Faustian bargain, but rather had good interpersonal relationships. Julia’s creative genius allowed her to succeed in a critical world. Bibliography Child, Julia. The Way To Cook. Knopf Inc. Canada, 1989. Cooper, Ann. A woman’s Place is in the Kitchen. Reinhold, 1998. Fitch, Noel Riley. Appetite For Life. Doubleday, NY. 1997. Internet sources: www.sallys-place.com www.foodwine.com www.iacp-online.org www.unknown.nu/Julia/

Toatlitarian Gov. :: essays research papers

Totalitarian Governments use the people in a total movement to achieve a goal. When this goal is finally met, the government finds a new goal to strive for to keep the population in check. This type of government sprang up during the 1930’s in Europe and Asia. Totalitarianism came into being for many reasons: class struggle, nationalism, and a need for a better way of life. However the biggest reason that totalitarian government came into play was because of the Great Depression. Three nations in particular were able to model this take over by using the lower classes as a boost to achieve power. The Russian nation was in a state of distress. The country was being ruined by drought, fire, and the lack of industry. Russia was falling way behind the rest of the world, and with the death of Lenin they were looking for a new leader. The single party system made it easy for a totalitarian style leader to take hold of the reigns of power. Trotsky and Stalin were the two candidates for the take over Russia’s government. They both used socialism to try to move into power, but Stalin used socialism on the home front to his advantage. Where Trotsky wanted to use the rest of the world for socialism, making the people think that they needed a crutch. This idea did not go over well and Stalin won increasing support. He used this support to banish and kill Trotsky and his opposition. After Trotsky was out of the way, Stalin killed his supporters and furthered his totalitarian role. With the introduction of his â€Å"Five Year Plan†, to increase industry by two hundred and fifty percent and agriculture by one hundred and fifty percent, he solidified his position and the birth of a totalitarian government through the goal of industry. Earlier, in the nation of Italy, totalitarianism had been introduced before the grounds had been laid in Russia. There was a great hate that was rising between the upper and lower classes. The socialist movement was in full effect, and factory workers and peasant were taking over factories. And with the pope lifting the ban on Catholics, there were an increasing number of different opposing factions in government making an already unstable government worse. Mussolini, a nationalist and fascist, steps in asking for a greater sense of nationalism. He helps this idea with promises of better benefits for the working class and land reform for the peasants.

Case Analysis (Tuesdays with Morrie) Essay

CASE ANALYSIS: TUESDAYS WITH MORRIE I. Synopsis Morrie was Mitch’s favourite teacher. He was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS. One night, Mitch saw and recognized his old professor in a television show. He suddenly remembered the promise he made with his teacher, so he called him to set up a visit. Mitch began visiting Morrie every Tuesday and every time they meet Morrie taught Mitch lessons about life. The disease gradually overcome Morrie as days go by and during their last meeting, Morrie was nearing death. Morrie and Mitch hugged for the last time, and as they did Morrie noticed that Mitch is finally crying. Morrie died simply and peacefully with his family around one Saturday morning. II. Character Description Morrie is a former sociology professor who is compassionate, free-willed, and clever. He is suffering from a disease called ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) which prevents him from doing what he loves most, dancing. Mitch is journalist who is living a very fast paced life and succumbs himself in work that it consumes him. After reuniting with his old professor, he finally discovered the meaning of his life. III. Answers to case questions and requisites 1) a. Morrie’s father brought him to a factory to work and on that day he realized that he has asthma. So he vowed that he will never do work that used people and so he became a teacher with the help of his stepmother. b. Mitch’s visit with Morrie. It taught him how to pause for a while and rediscover the meaning of his life. c. Mitch after graduation who throw away his dream as a pianist and became a newspaper reporter. 2) a. Mitch taking interviews b. Mitch as a journalist c. Mitch being a sports writer and a boyfriend to Janine d. Mitch who has a lot of deadlines 3) a. The case of Mitch Albom, he was a journalist, a boyfriend, a taxpayer, a son, an employer, a student but most of all he was a friend to Morrie. b. Morrie as a former sociology teacher. 4) In the movie Tuesdays with Morrie, the primary group of Mitch is Morrie and his family because Morrie and Mitch exemplified a lasting and personal relationship. The work group of Mitch on the other hand stands as his secondary group. 5) The type of leadership roles that is very apparent in the movie is instrumental leadership and the leadership style that is also noticeable is authoritarian as illustrated by Warner, the boss of Mitch who gives him orders to get things done and demands him of his deadlines. 6) Bureaucracy was obvious in the area work of Mitch. It demonstrated characteristics such as specialization, hierarchy of offices as exemplified by Mitch’s boss and Mitch being his subordinate, and impersonality demonstrated also by Warner who didn’t have an idea of Mitch’s personal whereabouts he found about Morrie’s condition later in the story. 7) In the film, Mcdonalization is present through the use of laptops and telephones these are mediums of equipment used by Mitch to be efficient in his work as a journalist and to quickly transmit articles to his boss especially when meeting deadlines. The presence of airplanes also exemplifies a Mcdonalization society because airplanes are also under the control of computers, pilots merely oversee the process. IV. Conclusions There are a lot of Mitch’s around us whose fear of death disillusioned us into living life racing with the clock. I too am like Mitch whose fear of death made me live life as if tomorrow will never come. But I realized that it’s only when we know how to die that’s time when we know how to live. Sometimes, I do things that I thought would fulfil and would give meaning to my existence. And I thought I’m happy doing that, but I realized that I’m only living in the emotions of the moment that is after that moment passes and I’m alone emptiness starts to crawl back. And because I live life to the extremes, I often forget about the things that matters the most and I know now that all I need to do is to click that pause button and to use every moment of that time doing something that I will never regret that is to appreciate and value everything and everyone life has given me. In the film, Morrie said that when we live we need other people to survive and when we die we need other people to survive and we must love one another or die. Indeed it’s true, because all of us are connected to one another. In some ways, I, function for other people. I play an important part in my professors’ lives because without students their roles as teachers will never have meaning. Since we are connected with one another, everyone is dependent to other people so we must love and treat well those who give meaning to our lives because they are one of the reasons why we are still alive. After watching the film, I know now, what scares me most about death, its saying goodbye to someone whom I will never have the chance to say hello again. When I think about death, I automatically linked it with nothingness that is when someone dies they become nothing. But what I didn’t realized is that soon they will return to something larger afterlife and I can still greet them again. I know I can never command life to treat me well and be the way I want it to be because life has it’s own mind but if there’s one thing I know I’m sure of, that is I can treat life well and make the most out of it. Morrie perceived life as a rubber band it pulls us back and forth – pull as one way we think that’s what we want to do, pull us the other way we think that’s  what we have to do. For him, this is the tension of the opposites, we learn from what hurts us as much as what loves us. In the movie, Morrie taught us to love those people who have hurt us. He recommends that we try to understand them and be selfless even if we have developed a hardness of heart against them. We must learn how to forget all the pain that they’ve inflicted in us because even if we try to erase them in our lives, they are still a part of the person that we become. And one important lesson Morrie taught is learning how to forgive, now. We shouldn’t wait for our death sentence to come before we could finally find it in our hearts to forgive everyone and everything because every day is an opportunity to die and opportunity to live.

Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone Essay

The Revolutionary get together Front of sierra Le mavin (RUF/SL) invaded sierra Leone from Liberia in March 1991. initially they claimed to be a political try supporting liberation and democracy. Instead the RUF, in reality, was an insecurely combined organization of in the main rebellious teen sequenced bulk that inflicted pestilent disaster throughout the country of sierra Leone. The political revolution mess get along with failed to win popular support, the RUF board on a barbarian ten-year well-bred war that had ruin consequences for civilians, in particular barbarianren.General tuition about tiddler SoldiersThe leans of electric s namer soldiers argon continually variable condition the growth of diverse gird meshings. The number of pincerren below the eld of 18 who rush been hale or induced to down up arms as kidskin soldiers is commonly thought to be roughly of 300,000. Non-governmental troops organizations tend to put forward soldiers at a lower mas termind the age of 15. disposalal build up forces, on the some other hand, atomic number 18 much likely to recruit soldiers to a lower place the age of 18. From what is known the age of 7 is the youngest a small fry soldier can be. Over 50 countries currently sire on tykeren under the age of 18 into their militia.picFigure 1. The African attitude since Africa has without every(prenominal) doubt the largest number of minor soldiers1What is a small fry Soldier?UNICEF, The united Nations minorren Fund, defines sister soldiers as both baby bird boy or girlunder eighteen geezerhood of age, who is part of any kind of regular or befriendment gird force or build up group in any capacity2. match to the conjunction to Stop the Use of minor Soldiers Child soldiers perform a fly the coop of tasks including engagement in combat, laying mines and explosives scouting, spying, performing as decoys, couriers or guards training, drill or other preparations logistics and su pport functions, portering, cooking and municipal labour and knowledgeable slavery or other enlisting for sexual purposes.3Girls ar in any case called child soldiers and this is the case for numerous reasons. Girls usually fulfil numerous roles. piece of music they are commonly recruited and intentiond for sexual purposes, they are al to the highest degree always besides caught up in other armament responsibilities. These include combat, laying explosives, portering, and performing home(prenominal) tasks.How many child soldiers are on that point?It is difficult to go across a intercontinental number of child soldiers at any one time. There are diverse reasons as to why exact figures can non be calculated. An example is that military commanders frequently affect children or do non forfeit access to observers. fortify groups regularly shut up in dangerous, unapproachable zones to which observers do not pull in access and many children check out support roles and are whence not visible in military operations.How do children blend soldiers?A special(prenominal) report on the impact of build up conflict on children which was created in 1996 explained how children bring into being soldiers. In the report it is stated longing and poverty may drive parents to endure children for service or attract children to voluntary as a way to control regular meals, clothing or medical examination attention. Some children become soldiers to protect themselves or their families in the face of violence and madhouse around them, firearm others, particularly adolescents, are lured by ideology. Children similarly identify with companionable causes, religious expression, self-determination, national liberation or the pursuit of political freedom, as in South Africa or the occupied territories.4 another(prenominal) reason emphasizes the efficient value of children, especially for tedious tasks. An important explanation to cargo deck in mind could be t hat child soldiers may be valuable for signalling purposes. A rebel leader may foretaste to show significance, commitment or terror through abduction of a child5. Finally, some people insist that young children are more malleable, adaptable, and obedient, as well as more easily persuaded and deceived. Therefore they are utter to be easier to manage and retain6. If children are as productive as adults, we should find a disproportionate number in gird groups.The following ii case studies give examples of what a girl and a boy have gone through during sierra Leones annihilating civil war. By describing their tasks, the reasons as to why these violate serviceman Rights can be clearly seen. cause Study FatmataFatmata was one of only two survivors from her village in sierra Leone. She was only six long time old when she was captured by the cruel rebel groups. She was treatn to a rebel stronghold and forced to meet under harsh conditions as a servant. In Fatmatas own dustup We had to work all day while they would curse my mother and abuse me. When she got older, Fatmata was forced to become the second wife of one of her rebel captors, in that locationfore meaning she was assail and gave birth to the child of a rebel.7 effect Study Ishmael BeahIn A Long Way gone Memoirs of a Boy Soldier, Ishmael Beah, now xxvi years old, tells a success to the full fascinating story of his life as a child soldier. At the age of twelve, he fled from rebel attacks and wandered a land caused to be unrecognizable by brutality. By thirteen, he had been captured by the government army, and Beah, even though he was a gentle young boy at heart, found that he was capable of truly terrible acts. At sixteen, he was taken away from fight by UNICEF. Beah, like many other child soldiers, had gone through devastating psychological traumas and through the dish up of the rung at his rehabilitation centre, he wise(p) how to exculpate himself, to regain his benignant beingsity an d was in the end able to heal.8 gracious RightsAccording to the virtue and reconciliations commissions report the use of local anesthetic as well as international human rights mechanisms in responding to the shocking criminal acts that took place in sierra Leone during the previous decennium is important to the nurture of international human rights law of nature9. Sierra Leone became a instalment of the United Nations in 1961 and is a signatory to most of the important human rights committees including the host of the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the African Charter on the Rights and welfare of the Child. The Government of Sierra Leone has also ratified the optional protocol. Children Rights Act has been enacted in Sierra Leone quite recently in 2007. The Government of Sierra Leone signed and ratified the protocol on 8 September 2000 and 15 May 2002. gathering to the Rights of a ChildThe design to the Rights of a Child (CRC) is hold up on diverse legal systems as well as cultural traditions. The chemical formula is a universally agreed specialize of fixed standards and obligations. These human rights set the least amount of pre-emptive declaration and freedoms that should be valued by governments. In Article 38, the Convention on the Rights of the Child insist that governments to take all possible measures to guarantee that children under 15 have no get off engagement in warfare. The Convention also sets 15 years as the tokenish age at which a person can be willingly recruited into or willingly signs up in the fortify forces.10 ex gratia communications protocolThe Optional communications protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the contribution of children in armed conflict symbolizes a progressive leap in the international law in run to defend children from the damaging effects of enlisting and use in warfare. The Protocol requires States who elucidate it to obtain all practicable measures to make sure those members wh o are part of their armed forces and are under the age of 18 do not have a direct involvement in the fightings. States essential also raise the tokenish age for voluntary recruitment into the armed forces from 15 years but does not require a minimum age of 18.The Protocol reminds States that children under 18 years are entitled to distinctive security system and so any voluntary recruitment under the age of 18 must include adequate protection. Compulsory recruitment below the age of 18 is fully banned and States parties must also take legal measures to forbid self-governing armed groups from recruiting and using children under the age of 18 in conflicts.11 ARTICLE 1 of the Optional Protocol States Parties shall take all possible measures to ensure that members of their armed forces who have not attained the age of 18 years do not take a direct part in hostilities. This shows that the Protocol raised the age that children are allowed to be a member of an illegal or legal armed fo rce from 15 years to 18 years.UNICEF and The International turn in Committee and how they have helpedIn Sierra Leone, UNICEF was the lead agency for child protection, which worked with its colleagues to void arms, and to release and reconnect process for child soldiers from 1998 to 2002.They rebuild protective and healthy schoolingal environments where cause child soldiers obtain the opportunity to chance upon how to live without weapons, gain new skills which enables them to be prepared for their future and to learn how to become prolific citizens in their society.Most significantly they are given a second chance to learn how to be children again. Demobilized children were go to temporary criminal maintenance centres supported by UNICEF where they were given health care and also psychosocial counselling. They also participated in educational and unskilled activities while family tracing reunification was issue on. A vast majority of power child soldiers have been reunite d with their families. Access to education and family and community support programmes have been the account to their success to help the former child soldiers12.With headquarters in Freetown and ternion field offices in Kono, Kenema and Kailhaun districts, the International have Committee provides programs that focus on child protection, education, and health, specifically for former child soldiers subsequently the civil war ended in 2000. The IRC full treatment to increase local participation in project activities, build local capacity, promote and protect human rights, spouse with local communities and organizations, and address relief and development needs in a holistic fashion. The Revolutionary United Front rebels released 600 child soldiers. The International Rescue Committee provided education, skills training, and psychosocial care to 100 of them13.ConclusionTo conclude, there have been many programmes that have been created to reduce and aid former child soldiers. O ff go it is not possible to help every single child soldier and there are many reasons for this. Some of the reasons are that there are still a number of these soldiers that may still be involved and their whereabouts are not known. During the civil war, many of the parents of these children were killed, so it is difficult to reunite them with their families, and if they are lucky another family member may still be existing in order to look aft(prenominal) them. Organisations, like UNICEF, provide homes for former child soldiers who are unlucky to not have anybody. By education and counselling, children learn to forgive themselves for violent crimes they were forced to commit and help themselves to progress in the future.REFERENCES Beah, I (2007). A Long Way Gone Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. New York harpist Perennial. p5-218. Beber, B and Blattman, C. (2010). The Industrial governing body of Rebellion The system of logic of Forced constancy and Child soldiership*. lendable ht tp//chrisblattman.com/documents/ investigate/2010.IOofRebellion.pdf. brook accessed sixth celestial latitude 2010. Coalition to stop the use of Child Soldiers. (2007). Questions and Answers. on hand(predicate) http//www.child-soldiers.org/childsoldiers/questions-and-answers. put up accessed foremost declination 2010. Michael Odeh and Colin Sullivan. Children in Armed Conflict. operational http//www.yapi.org/rpchildsoldierrehab.pdf. Last accessed eighth declination 2010. authorisation of the United Nations high up Commissioner for pitying Rights. (1990). Convention on the Rights of the Child . on hand(predicate) http//www2.ohchr.org/side/law/crc.htm. Last accessed eighth declination 2010. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for charitable Rights. (2000). Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. acquirable http//www2.ohchr.org/ side of meat/law/crc-conflict.htm. Last accessed eighth Decemb er 2010. topic of the Sierra Leone Truth & Reconciliation Commission. (2004). Children and the Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone. Vol. 3B, p231-340. Spagnoli, F. (2008). Human Rights Quote (49) Child Soldiers. for sale http//filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/stats-on-human-rights/statistics-on-war-conflict/statistics-on-child-soldiers/. Last accessed eighth December 2010. UNICEF. churl SOLDIERS. Available http//www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/briefing/soldiers/soldiers.pdf. Last accessed world-class December 2010. UNICEF. FACTSHEET CHILD SOLDIERS. Available http//www.unicef.org/emerg/files/childsoldiers.pdf. Last accessed 8th UNICEF. (29 April 2008). What is a child soldier?. Available http//www.unicef.org/emerg/index_childsoldiers.html. Last accessed 4th December 2010. UN Works. Fatmatas Story. Available http//www.un.org/works/goingon/soldiers/fatmata_story.html. Last accessed 8th December 2010.1 Spagnoli, F. (2008). Human Rights Quote (49) Child Soldiers. Available http//filipspagnoli.wordpr ess.com/stats-on-human-rights/statistics-on-war-conflict/statistics-on-child-soldiers/. Last accessed 8th December 2010.2 UNICEF. (29 April 2008). What is a child soldier?. Available . http//www.unicef.org/emerg/index_childsoldiers.html. Last accessed 4th December 2010. 3 Coalition to stop the use of Child Soldiers. (2007). Questions and Answers. Available http//www.child-soldiers.org/childsoldiers/questions-and-answers. Last accessed 1st December 2010. 4 UNICEF. CHILD SOLDIERS. Available http//www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/briefing/soldiers/soldiers.pdf. Last accessed 1st December 2010. 5 Beber, B and Blattman, C. (2010). The Industrial Organization of Rebellion The logical system of Forced Labor and Child slacking*. Available http//chrisblattman.com/documents/research/2010.IOofRebellion.pdf. Last accessed sixth December 2010. 6 Beber, B and Blattman, C. (2010). The Industrial Organization of Rebellion The Logic of Forced Labor and Child Soldiering*. Available http//chrisblattman.com/d ocuments/research/2010.IOofRebellion.pdf. Last accessed 6th December 2010. 7 UN Works. Fatmatas Story. Available http//www.un.org/works/goingon/soldiers/fatmata_story.html. Last accessed 8th December 2010. 8 Beah, I (2007). A Long Way Gone Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. New York Harper Perennial. p5-218. 9 Report of the Sierra Leone Truth & Reconciliation Commission. (2004). Children and the Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone. Vol. 3B, p231-340.10 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (1990). Convention on the Rights of the Child . Available http//www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm. Last accessed 8th December 2010. 11 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2000). Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. Available http//www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc-conflict.htm. Last accessed 8thDecember 2010. 12 UNICEF. FACTSHEET CHILD SOLDIERS. Available http//www.unicef.org/emerg/ files/childsoldiers.pdf. Last accessed 8th13 Michael Odeh and Colin Sullivan. Children in Armed Conflict. Available http//www.yapi.org/rpchildsoldierrehab.pdf. Last accessed 8th December 2010.